The origins of TCP / IP and Internet

What is TCP / IP?
TCP / IP is missing or exploited child of protocols (rules or standards governing communication), which makes communication between computers possible. Network administrators can choose between mnogozhestvo protocols but TCP / IP is the most widely used. The reason is that this is the Internet Protocol - the global network. If you want your computer to communicate on the Internet, you must use TCP / IP.
When multiple protocols work together to form a group called protocol suite (set protocol) or protocol stack (protocol stack). TCP / IP is an example of takap package it describes multiple protocols working together. Implementation of TCP / IP is characterized as protocol stack (protocol stack). Both terms are used interchangeably.
Another reason for the popularity of TCP / IP is its compatibility with almost any computer on earth. TCP / IP stack is supported by current versions of all major operating systems and network operating systems - including; Windows (95/98, ME, 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, 2008), Linux and Unix. TCP / IP is not owned by a company and developed and supported by many and various software and hardware manufacturers.
Details of the TCP / IP
TCP / IP is in use for over 25 years and time has proved that he is a reliable and scalable protocol package. TCP / IP properties and has many benefits, here are a few:

    * As previously mentioned, TCP / IP enjoys the support of many software and hardware companies. This means that TCP / IP is not tied to development efforts and opportunities of a company. Thus the choice to use TCP / IP in a network does not depend on the hardware and software used in it and the intended use in.
    * One of the main reasons why TCP / IP packet has earned such popularity and approval is that it is universal and can be installed and used on any platform. For example, using TCP / IP, UNIX host can communicate and transfer information to Windows or DOS host. TCP / IP eliminates the boundaries between different platforms. Host is any device (computer, server, printer, etc.). That has TCP / IP address.
    * TCP / IP protocol is very flexible package. For example - Administrators can automatically or manually assign IP addresses to hosts can convert easy to remember names like www.vmrejata.info in TCP / IP addresses.
    * Marshrutiruemost. Ogranchenieto for many protocols is their inability to transport information from one segment to another. TCP / IP is extremely well adapted to the process of transferring information from one network segment to another or from one host on a network from one end of the world to host a network at the other end of the world.
Furthermore you will learn how these properties of TCP / IP are developed from the need for a reliable Military and flexible networked standard.
The origins of the Internet: ARPAnet
Predecessor of the Internet is created by super ARPAnet Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) launched in 1969. It is saszdadena during the Cold War in response to threats of nuclear attacks. The aim was to be the network fault-tolerant and secure communication between military leaders in the event of nuclear war.
Protocol used in this network is Network Control Protocol (NCP) - TCP / IP protocol was not developed at that time. With the growth of ARPAnet, however, show up and need a new protocol as the NCP does not cover the needs of a large network.
To meet the needs of the military ARPAnet was required to fulfill the following requirements:

    * Lack of critical points. Because the network had to withstand a nuclear attack should be critically important missing links.
    * Spare routes to each destination.
    * If any part of the network fails, it must be able to redirect information on a new route.
    * Ability to connect different types of computers of different types of networks. This network not only connects a particular type of hardware or operating system.
    * You must be controlled by one company. This network should be supported by many independent engineers in the interests of the super and not in the interest of any company.
Request For Comments (RFC) - a document describing a new protocol or technology.
To improve the technology used by ARPAnet was established a system to encourage and facilitate communications between the engineers who develop this network. This system was established based on the RFC to make feedback and cooperation and is used to this day. An RFC document can be written by the engineer, or just a group of engineers having a better idea for a new technology or existing development.
Process of sending RFC predviren is similar to message board for posting technical theories. Following the publication of RFC, it is evaluated, criticized and used by other engineers and developers. If another engineer can osavarshenstva published RFC theory provides an open forum about it.
TCP / IP is the result of such RFC documents.
Birth of TCP / IP
As mentioned protocol used for communication between hosts on the ARPAnet is the 1969 NCP, but it has many limitations and is not strong enough for the growing network, which began out of control. The limitations of NCP and growing ARPAnet result in research and development of a new protocol. In 1974 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn two Internet pioneers, published "Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection" this document characterized Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), packet protocol which will eventually replace the NCP. TCP protocol describes a host to host part of the communication. TCP explains how two hosts can make this connection and how they can maintain this connection while data transfer. NCP not solve this problem within which it makes TCP. TCP is responsible for transmission between hosts, it keeps information about what was sent and what is not received. If a message is too large for one packet, TCP divides data into multiple packets and ensures they are sent. When packages are received from other countries joining each TCP packet in the correct order. To 1978 and testing new developments led to a new set of protocols called Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP). In 1982 it was decided TCP / IP to replace the NCP as the standard language of the ARPAnet.
Construction purposes of TCP / IP
TCP / IP has evolved to its present state, there are protocols tested, modified and improved over time. Original package TCP / IP had the following objectives:

    * Hardware Independence
    * Software independence
    * Recovery from failure and the ability to manage a high error rate
    * Effective protocol with some additional elements
    * Ability to add new networks to a global network without difficulty
    * Marshrutiruemi data
Transferring data over the network
The creation of this new super led to many new concepts and challenges. One of the most critical problems is how to transmit data over the network. Old communication protocols utilize switching circuit. TCP / IP in turn presents a new way of transmitting data over the network, it uses the technology of packet switching.
Switching circuits
In this technology pass data in the same way throughout the communication. Example of network switching circuit telephone network is when you choose a phone number be established for the whole circuit during the telephone conversation. Signal continues to use the chain until you close the phone if naberem same number again, however, the path may be different.
Packet switching
The technology of switching circuits is unacceptable to the ARPAnet and Internet, data should be able to pass along different routes, so if a segment does not collapse destroys the relationship. Instead, the data to take a new route. Internet uses packet switching, where it divides the computer sending data to the smaller more manageable pieces called packets. Then these packets are sent to the device pouchatel in its passage through the network, these packets can take different routes on their way to the end point. Then arrange the receiving computer packages and links to obtain the original message.
Why TCP / IP
TCP / IP provides many priemushtestva to other protocol stacks. Here is a summary of some of these priemushtestva:

    * A very common open standard. TCP / IP is not secret, is not nobody's property, anyone can improve it by publishing the RFC.
    * Compatible with other computer systems, it is like a universal language.
    * Works on different hardware and different configuration of the network.
    * Marshrutiruem protocol. TCP / IP can determine the path of each particle data and network traffic because it is marshrutiruem size of TCP / IP network are virtually limitless.
    * Reliable and secure, he can ensure that data are transferred to poluchateya.
    * Single addressing scheme.
TCP / IP is the language of the Internet, you can not connect to the Internet please use it without. Each network connected to the Internet speak TCP / IP. Knowledge of TCP / IP is the foundation for an understanding of computer networks.
If you want to learn how working TCP / IP and general introduction to the stories you do not work vashi read the whole book here.